Individual Authentic Journey Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Individual Authentic locomote Report - Essay ExampleAuthentic Leadership Report Introduction Background of the Report During the upstart economic crisis, the disillusioned global audience was witness to an economic crisis of global proportions as the greed exhibited by some of the cosmoss economic leaders as they attempted to make more bullion for themselves in collusion with various private enterprises set in motion the unprecedented collapse of to the highest degree of the gentlemans financial systems. This economic crisis could have been averted if the leaders entrusted with the momentous responsibility of managing these major corporations had conducted themselves in an honest and integral manner as opposed to the avarice and greed that they exhibited. By conducting this true(p) leading study upon myself, I will be up to(p) to improve my own transparency as intumesce strengthen my overall accountability by following the recommendations of the findings that will be laid ou t in this report. This will help in causing me to develop my capabilities and evolve from being a leader whose leadership only extends to the success of the companys bottom line to one who is able to aptly front the various societal and organizational challenges and the various public policy issues in a manner that sight be perceived to be both integral and honest. By cultivating these qualities, I hope to be able to transform myself into the image of a leader who is capable of repairing the damaged relationship that exists between the corporate world and the general public. By doing this I will be able to restore, hope, meaningfulness, confidence, optimism and resilience to both sides of the divide. Report Aims and Objectives The fix Purpose of my undertaking this authentic leadership research was so as to enable me establish my internal leadership qualities as well as formulate a plan that will enable me come on develop myself into a better leader. With the recent global eco nomic crisis and especially with the collapse of some of the worlds major corporations such as Enron corporation and the Lehman brothers Holdings Inc, there has been a somewhat tremendous loss of confidence by the general public in the capabilities of the leaders in some of the worlds major corporations. Scope and of the Report The scope of the study will be mainly concentrated on relating several incidences that will serve to highlight various attributes that serve to portray me as being an authentic leader. The study will draw on my previous life experiences as well as annex several books. Limitations of the Report As a result of my being both the participant and the researcher, it might be difficult for me to assume the position of Birds eye view while conducting the research. To effectively prevent this, I will endeavor to ensure that I maintain objectivity in conducting the research count on (Magolda, Creamer and Meszaros, 2010). Justification of methodology undertaken The methodology of this report is mainly derived from using autoethnography. Autoethnography is a form

Five Years Marketing Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Five Years Marketing Plan - Essay ExampleThe company initially started its operations in UK as a catalogue business company. The company achieved success in its initial stages yet and soon after that it made a plan of opening a website in UK. This plan helped Hotel Chocolat to check its position in the trade. The company started exporting chocolates to linked States by means of an online ordering website. It started amplifying its business operations in the domestic land and has opened 23 stores in the outlets of John Lewis and 43 stores in United Kingdom. Hotel Chocolat produces fresh chocolates and the taste of these chocolates is much more adventurous as they are produced using more hot chocolate and less sugar. The company has also worked with the local farmers of Ghana in order to learn the technique of cocoa plantation. The company started various other projects apart from producing chocolates. Hotel Chocolat has opened a restaurant at the cocoa country in Saint Lucia. Presently the company is grooming for internationalisation. Existing Market Position of the Company Hotel Chocolat is iodin among very few companies which has opened new stores in the high streets of UK as well as spread out its operations outside United Kingdom. The company follows focus marketing strategy presently and focuses only on the chocolate segment. The chocolate market is very competitive and is dominated by some brands like the Thorntons and Godiva. The market focuses mainly on four main time periods i.e. Christmas, Mothers Day, Valentines Day and Easter. In this tough competition, the company maintains its uniqueness by providing fresh chocolates, with less sugar and more cocoa, to the customers. It has achieved a favored position in the chocolate market by targeting those customers who buy the premium chocolates as gifts. The company is planning to open new stores in UK. The company has also planned for further expansion in the afield market with new concept store s like Roast & Conch. In these stores, the customers will be able to actualise the roasting of the cocoa beans. Goal formulation Marketing Objectives of the Company (for close 5 old age) The marketing object lenss of Hotel Chocolat (for the next five years) can be evaluated by the SMART approach. The specific objective of Hotel Chocolat is to achieve a productive position in the new markets where it is planning to expand its operations within the next few years by the implementation of appropriate promotional and other marketing strategies. The measurable objective of the company is minimisation of the cost structure and implementation of the promotional and marketing strategies in very cost effective manner. The doable objective of Hotel Chocolat is to reach to the position of the financial break even by the increase of the sales and minimisation of the operating expenses. The realistic objective of Hotel Chocolat is to gain a remarkable position in those areas where it has pl anned to expand its business operations within the business plan of next 5 years. The time bound objective of the company is the fulfilment of all the above mentioned objectives within a time limit of next 5 years. Strategy formulation Target Customers Kantar Media has pointed out the fact that customers within the

Team Work, Group Efficiency and Performance Essay

Team Work, Group Efficiency and Performance - Essay ExampleThis research willing begin with the definition of a squad as a gathering of people working together in an composition. This definition is too general and does not do justice to the functioning of a team in an organizational setting. In purely organizational sense, team is defined as a group of workers functioning together as a unit to complete a common stopping point or purpose. It is best defined by West as groups of people embedded on organizations, execute tasks that contribute to achieving the organizations goals. Teams work towards achieving the overall organizational objective and vex the necessary resources, autonomy and trust to achieve those objectives. Team and teamwork in an organizational setting can be best mum by the following explanation by Woods and West. The following is a direct quote by Woods and West and has been used directly for better understanding A team is a comparatively small group of pe ople working on a clearly defined, challenging task that is just about efficiently completed by a group working together rather than individuals working altogether or parallel who have clear, shared, challenging, team level objectives derived directly from the task who have to work close and interdependently to achieve these objectives whose members work in distinct roles within the team (though some roles may be duplicated) and who have the necessary authority, autonomy and resources to enable them to meet the teams objectives.... They are different types of teams in an organization (Griffin & Moorhead, 2011) but they can be grouped into the following types based on their nature Problem result Teams These are the most common type of teams and in some cases are used temporarily. Problem closure teams brings together employees with different knowledge backgrounds in order to tackle a specific problem. These teams consist of highly talented and skilled individuals who are brought into the team in order to induce and bring about a specific change (Boone & Kurtz, 2011). Self Managed Work Teams these are teams with groups of employees who have the skills as well as the authority to manage themselves. Many experts in the field argue that the employees in such teams are the most squelched and motivated. This is because they have greater job control and task variety (Boone & Kurtz, 2011). Cross Functional Teams Cross utilitarian teams are the latest trends in the business world. Earlier, teams were formed on the basis of specific speciality or functionality. But in todays dynamic business world this is not enough. Projects are more than complex today and need employees with different skill sets and abilities to be working on the same project. Hence, plunder functional teams have been formed which consists of individuals with varying skills, expertise and specialities working to achieve a common goal (Robbins, 2009). Virtual Teams There is no need for teams to be geographically close as developments in confabulation technology have made it possible for team members to be geographically separated but put away work as a single unit. Hence, virtual team is one wherein team members are

How does spaces change perceptions on things and people Essay

How does spaces change intelligences on things and people - Essay ExampleThere are also external factors like gracious experience which influence these physical characteristics. In picture, these external elements provide biases on how individuals perceive things and people virtually them. This text sought to provide a thorough analysis on how pitying perception is created by the human brain and its physical senses. Moreover, this writing discussed the factors which affect how human perceives objects. One of which is the philosophy of space and time. Finally, this text also pursued to provide an answer to the question, How does space change perceptions on things and people?. 1. INTRODUCTION intelligence dictates the behavior of people and the human interaction as a whole. It is a persons perception that affects the persons response in the form of his or her actions. This is the reason why understanding human behavior has always been associated with the concept of perception. T hus, the study on perception has always been evident in unlike fields in the social sciences like sociology, psychology, and philosophy. Generally, perceptions depend on an individuals sensory qualities such sight, hearing, touch, smell and taste (Problem of Perception.). However, it is the mind that has a crucial control on these sensory qualities. Philosophers pass on suggest that there exist a problem of perception that is created by the phenomena of perceptual illusion and psychotic belief (Problem of Perception.). This means that the way people perceive things and other people is not solely found on the sensory qualities but rather dictated by psychological discernment. There are miscellaneous factors that influence ones perception on things and other people through their cognitive discernment. dummy is one particular factor that affects perception on things and people. dummy plays an important role in the bear on of perception which consequently created the concept of spatial perception or space perception. Space perception is the accomplish of evaluating the physical orientation of objects in space which is necessary for movement in the environment and for discernment of the relationships between things (Space Perception). Moreover, the concept of space perception also offers insight into how people become orient in the environment for them to survive in the form of seeking food or avoiding injury (Space Perception). In other words, space perception provides people physical reality which they use to resolve in their everyday lives (Space Perception). Thus, this has led to much deeper researches on the role of space in the perception of people on things and other people. These research studies tend to provide in-depth analyses on the complexity of the effect of space towards perceptions. Scholars aim to answer the question, How does space change perceptions on things and people? 2. LITERATURE REVIEW divers(a) related texts have already been p ublished in the social sciences on the subject of perception. One of which is of Matthew MacDonalds book Your Brain The Missing Manual. This text offers a discussion about the human brain and the solve of perception as performed by the brain. Different articles on human perception are also accessible such as The Meaning of Perception and The Death of the Cyberflaneur as written by Flemming Funch and Evgeny Morozov, respectively. These texts serve as good reference materials in understanding and

German Photomontage in 1920s and 1930s Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

German Photomontage in mid-twenties and 1930s - Essay ExampleHoch was raised in a conventional, middle-class, small-town family. She moved to Berlin during World War I to study art and recreate for a womens magazine. It was during these years that she became a member f Berlin Dada. She showed her usages regularly with the Dada group but did not establish an international reputation as an artist until afterward the Dada movement had fallen apart.Cut With The Kitchen Knife includes more than 150 illustrations f scats Hoch created during 1918-1933, the Weimar years. Hoch assembled her montages by selecting photographs f women from illustrated print sources and juxtaposing them with fragments f scenes from Weimar and German colonial society. Readers will be intrigued by the surprising horizontal shocking compositions which combine the pleasure f viewing dope media images with critical, even destructive feelings about the issue matter. Maud Lavin offers both interpretation and cr itical analysis f these montages. (Freud 1955, 145-72)Unless youre very knowledgeable, German art in the 20th century has been done by men, and German women in the twentieth century have been reduced to the comparison Woman=Nature, to child-like whores or to old whores, or the scary, brittle, maneating New German Woman. Masks. What a delight to discover the work f Hannah Hoch (1889-1978). The Walker Art Center has mounted an exhibition f her photomontages which will travel from at that place to the Museum f Modern Art and to the Los Angeles County Museum f Art. The Photo-montages f Hannah Hoch is the catalogue for the exhibition. Photomontage (associated with the German word montieren, to assemble or to fit,) was used by the Berlin Dadaists to describe their piecing together f photographic and typographic sources, usually cut from the printed mass media. The Dadaists enjoyed the mechanica--and proletarian--connotations f the term and used it to distinguish their work from Cubist collage. Although Hannah Hoch worked in other media--useful black and ovalbumin reproductions f her drawings and oil paintings accompany the school text--all her work contained the elements she perfected in the photomontages she made for nearly sixty years. (Burgin 1982, 177-216)The obligatory scholarly essays describing Hochs life and work are inoffensive and useful But the colour plates are glorious. ane hundred and nine reproductions are accompanied by a brief bit f text commenting on a play f words in the tide f a work or providing an historical detail or biographical sketch f a ballerina or industrialist or describing how the original mass media sources were manipulated by the artist. This detail, small colour reproductions f the original sources, conveys the creativity f the curators f this catalogue. Showing how a reproduction f drapery from an advertisement was cut, fumed on its side, and conjoled into enough waves on the surface f water is magic. Somehow words, the righ t words, said about a work f art make the work f art visible. Magic. The Photomontages, naturally, conveys the same old sad storey f the boys refusing to acknowledge that a girl had played in

News Article Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

News Article Analysis - screen ExampleIn such a situation, contrary to economic rules, budget deficits and printing currency do not drive up ostentation and slashing government spending has a disastrous heart and soul on incomes and employment. Low inflation discourages borrowing and spending and encourages sitting on cash. The persistent weakness in the economy forces businesses to cut prices and prevents workers from bargaining for better wages.Paul Krugman argues for the look at to provide monetary and fiscal remark to the economy to reduce unemployment and increase economic activity. He fears that letting these problems fester in the belief that these argon short term problems would cause larger problems in the longer term.Conventional economic theory suggests that money supply is the most important factor in causing inflation, the classic explanation of too such(prenominal) money chasing too few goods. The $ 2 trillion that was injected into the economy should have caused the high inflation that many an(prenominal) economists feared. However this perhaps was not real money injected into the system but more in the character of a book adjustment for the distressed financial institutions.The two other factors that could have driven inflation were however absent in the US economy, the demand-pull factor and the cost-push factor. The demand-pull factor has been weak because of high levels of unemployment and the pessimism about the approaching in large sections of the people. There was no cost-push factor perhaps due to the fact that the crisis was global in nature. The Euro zone has been in recession and the China growth rate has slowed, reducing demand for a unit of measurement range of commodities.Conventional economic theory was formulated in a time period where from each one countrys economy was significantly insulated from others through geographic distance, tariff barriers and other obstacles to trade. These theories perhaps need re-examinatio n in the light of the interconnection in global economy.Paul

Report Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Report - Case Study ExampleNote that the standard force back hours per unit = $ 5.75. Therefore, with respect to the application grade of the combined variable and fixed address, the standard number of hours permissible = (5.75*4,100) = 23,575. Since we have the price of overhead per hour ($ 29.37), the standard combined variable and fixed overhead rate = (29.37*23,575) = $ 692,398.The predetermined total overhead cost per hour = $ 29.37. The variable cost per hour = $ 8.10. Therefore, the fixed cost per hour = (29.37 8.10) = $ 21.27. The variable portion of the overhead = (8.1*23,575) = $ 190,957.5 Consequently, the fixed portion of the predetermined overhead = (21.37*23,575) = $ 501,440.25.The variance with (-) augury denotes the unfavorable deviations in the above exhibit. Some of the potential risk identified is a realizable end of surplus or deficit unit production. Another imminent risk is failure to completely dwell the overhead costs. These variances occur due to less focus on the prediction of the future conditions. A possible way forward is to predict possible changes and include a certain margin to cover for whatsoever uncertain unfavorable variance. The organization can implement the use of linear programming or arrested development analysis to establish an inclusive variable prediction (Berger,

Leader Follower Communication Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leader Follower Communication - Research Paper ExampleThis paper illustrates that a loss leader is expected to be honest, and manage to gain his confederates trust, as the latter determine if the leader is hard-hitting or not. Moreover, confederates are in a position to determine whether a leader should be followed or not. Followers are different and hence expect different forms of leadership. For instance, new employees may require more supervision compared to experienced employees, while an employee who is de-motivated may require a different form of leadership compared to the motivated employee. The growth of followers is determined by the effectiveness of a leader. Gener altogethery, there exist some(prenominal) types of followers, including the effective follower, who is independent and active, the conformist follower who is dependent of the leader but also active, and the alienated follower who is independent but not much of a team player. In addition, there is the pass ive follower who is prone to resistance and therefore requires a high level of supervision, and the pragmatic follower who is normally stuck in the middle, as he is not sure on his stand and sometimes maximize on their expedience only. In addition, leadership varies with situations, such that a certain type of leadership may be applicable in one situation but it may not be applicable in another. leadership and followers differ in that everyone can be a follower but not all can be leaders since leadership is not only a position defined by a state of mind and character. Followership is the willingness to follow a leader or to be led however, a leader can as well be a follower, as he has to follow his superiors and his followers. For instance, in the case of a flight captain who gives orders to his crewmembers, if the crew does not understand, he goes ahead and teaches them on how to regard to that particular matter, thereby becoming a follower since he reacted to the actions of his followers. In this research, a selection of followers was made from nurses who report to doctors, a clerk who reports to the manager, a personal secretary who reports to the managing director and technician who reports to the head engineer.

Health Care Reform and Nursing Profession Term Paper

Health Care Reform and Nursing concern - Term Paper ExampleA turn over conducted by the World Health Organization (1999) revealed that the wellness care system in United States ranked 37th in overall performance and 72nd in overall level of wellness among 191 nations reviewed in the study. Again, according to the U.S. Census Bureau (2012), the number of people without health insurance coverage rose from 49.0 million in 2009 to 49.9 million in 2010. A recent study also revealed that more than 44,800 excess deaths occur annually in U.S. due to lack of insurance (Wilper, Woolhandler, Lasser, McCormick, Bor, & Himmelstein, 2009). These were the major driving factors that led to the release of the health care reform act, also called the patient protection and low-cost care act or the PPACA. The U.S. Health care reform act extends healthcare coverage to close to 32 million people by providing subsidies for people who cannot afford insurance on their own, developing consumer-friendly r ules clamped on insurers, offering tax breaks and developing marketplaces to shop for insurance plans (Frellick, 2010). This act gives new opportunities to nurses to deliver care and symbolise a vital role in leading change. It challenges nurses to do more to prevent diseases, provide chronic care management especially to the growing geriatric population and offer end-of-life care that focus on comfort and compassion. Following are some of the provisions in the healthcare reform that affect nurses Reauthorization of title VIII Nursing custody Development Programs The new healthcare reform reauthorized some of the major manpower development grant programs like advanced education nursing, workforce diversity grants, nursing education, practice and safekeeping grants and nursing student and nurse faculty loan programs (Health Resources and Services Administration, n.d.). In 2010, $243 million was allocated towards Nursing Workforce Development Programs (Wood, 2011). These program s have been made available to promote nursing education through loan repayment and scholarship programs and ensure that there are enough nurses to care for the growing healthcare needs in the future. These grant programs under the Public Health Service Act are the chief source of federal backing for nursing education (Frellick, 2010). Nurse-Managed Health Clinics The passage of the U.S. 2010 Health care reform act has resulted in the authorization of nurse-managed health clinics (NMHCs) which are nurse practice arrangements where advanced practice nurses serve as simple care providers, managers and administrators (Esperat, Hanson-Turton, Richardson, Debisette, & Rupinta, 2012). NMHCs provide health care serves ranging from basic health promotion and disease prevention approaches to full service primary care including chronic disease management programs to the underserved populations and is associated with a school, college, university or surgical incision of nursing, federally qualified health center or an independent non-profit health or social service agency (Esperat et al., 2012). These NMHCs provide a safety net for medically underserved populations in crucial health care access points in areas where primary care physicians are in short supply (Frellick, 2010). In 2010, the world Resources and Services Administration released $14.8 million in prevention fund dollars to support grants to 10 NHMCs, but this funding was not renewed in

Political Parties Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Political Parties - Research Paper ExampleThe normal pot in the general world belong to this company electorate. These loseers or those who identify with a particular political party lots plant a strong functionency to vote for the candidate of that particular party. In addition, they register themselves as members of that party. These supporters tend to support all the policies of their political party blindly. There are various opinions among various scholars regarding party denomination. small-arm some opine that party identification is the result of peoples attachment to certain vegetable marrow political values, some others claim that party identification leads to political core values in an individual. In either way, political identification is an essential element in modern national politics. According to people like Green, palmquist, and Schickler, party identification is the sense of personal attachment one feels to a particular party as a result of the closeness h e or she has to the social groups associated with that party (132). To illustrate, people often decide their political party taking into consideration how they feel about the social group which makes the stand of that particular political party. The study by Goren proves that party identification is stable and rather long immutable (882). Admittedly, the first benefit of party identification is the proper representation of peoples requirements and their satisfaction. ... Secondly, though in that respect is the claim that party identification leads to partisan politics, there is the counter argument that party identification leads to a corking(p)er degree of unity. For example, Larry shows that an individuals value selection is greatly influenced by their party stand (122). That content a large chunk of tribe, which believes in a particular political party, tends to blindly support what the party propagates. It go forth help in reducing individual differences in opinion to a great extent. This is evident from Feldmans report that party identification leads to greater voter turnout in elections (431). That means identification to a political party encourages participation in democratic process. As Fiorina opines, party identification is the best way to ensure effective running of democracies. For instance, such political parties are the only plan for candidates to reach the masses in a short time (89). Without the presence of parties, the entire system will be in chaos as so many candidates might turn up and the population will be divided into so many divisions based on the demands of each small section. Thus, political system becomes an important aspect of a successful democracy. Along with this, political parties play a great role in coordinated social interaction. Forgetting minor differences in individual perceptions, people gather to a lower place the banner of political parties and promote group survival and welfare activities instead of individ ual needs. Finally, in generation of trouble and complex social situations, parties provide cues that guide people. Thus, party identification is an important element of party system and political participation, and these both are essential for democracy. 2. Developments in party Identification

Explain what it means to be educated. Make sure you use at least one Essay

Explain what it means to be better. put up sure you use at least one reading as the base of your argument - act ExampleIn reality, to be enlightened means to fox knowledge, potential to think, ability to learn, and the capacity to introduce use of language. The mental capability of such an singular enables one to have awareness of any vagueness, sympathize when knowledge is missing, open minded, readiness, capability to doubt, questions things, logical curiosity, and happy to learn. Education has the potential to enhance knowledge, skill, and attitude which empowers individuals to deal with problems. In this way, an educated soul is one who has the power to deal with life problems apply the experiences that come from education. For instance, in Coming to an Awareness of Language by Malcolm X, it is clear that Malcolm was uneducated because he could not read or write. However, he transformed himself and began to teach himself vocabulary from the dictionary and from this he be gan gaining knowledge. This knowledge loose his language skills to begin writing coherently and precisely in words that could be understood (Buscemi and Smith, 2012). An educated someone should have not only knowledge but also the potential to make apprised purposes. It is a case where someone is enlightened about issues and realizes the need to make a certain decision for the betterment of ones life. An educated mortal is therefore, familiar with various ideas which shape ones view of reality. ... Thinking abilities are part and pursue of an educated person because this is what leads to making of rational sensible resolutions. This thinking ability is still what results in knowledge that an individual holds. Just like if a person is analytically thinking about a physicians suggestion, one would be required to have a bit of knowledge about medical information. It is now possible to think if the recommendation the impact is offering makes sense or not. This is because with the thinking ability, the knowledge to make rational decisions for the betterment of ones life is realized. For instance, Malcolm admires Bimbi from prison because he is eloquent and can contribute in any conversation. It is apparent that Bimbi is educated and can converse easily because his thinking abilities translate to knowledge. In the same, way Malcolm assumes this thinking ability by taking Bimbi as his role model and works hard to learn the language (Buscemi and Smith, 2012). It is also distinct that an educated individual has learning abilities to independently cope with the changing society. It is not possible for a person who cannot learn independently to be regarded as educated. Independent learning is not only reading books or internet materials but the ability to acquire knowledge through with(predicate) personal effort. This could be to learn through the existing material or creating understanding where there is none. This is the art of rational inquiry where a person has the potential to absorb or acquire information without any reliance on other passels opinion. Learning is the process of expanding, modification, and refining existing knowledge which further, strengthens the thinking potential. For instance, from Coming to an Awareness of

News release Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

News release - Assignment lawsuitThe comp each chief executive officer, Brian Cornell says that the accompany forget seek to redeem its reputation as a leading online obtain outlet in the country. However, the business of online shopping continues to experience certification challenges due to increasing sophistication of entropy theft technologies. The CEO states that the company will invest in data security systems to detect any double-tongued activities in order to implement the new strategies.Cornell asserts that the business of the company remains stable disdain the attacks. The corporation is taking bold actions to ensure data security. The measures include constant monitoring of possible fraudulent activities, advising customers to create stronger passwords and alike to report such criminal attempts to the relevant authorities for further investigations.Despite the security breaches last year, the company has recorded an increase in digital sales. This means that our l oyal customers have much trust in the company and believe that their data is safe with us. We will maintain our commitment towards offer our customers quality services. We will also deploy other value-addition strategies to give customers more value for their money. For example, the company will expand its free shipping to customers during the festive season to increase their trust in the company. We will also continue seeking other sustainable ways of increasing customer satisfaction, says Cornell.In 2013, the company see a major data breach that exposed the customers details. The data bleach targeted credit and debit flyer details of the customers. The company considers the act as criminal and aimed at reducing the trust in the company.The CEO explains that the companys digital sales depend on products offered by the company and how it rewards its loyal customers. The company will increase the products to 35000 to give the customers a wider

Forced Segregation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

pressure Segregation - Essay ExampleBy confronting the injustice and potential violence, African-Americans organized in a spirited effort to claim their constitutional rights as guaranteed and backed by the US government.The same year that the tyrannical Court ruled on Brown v. Board of Education over 100 lawmakers across the due south signed the Southern Manifesto, which opposed integrated schools. State legislatures further cut off funding to each public school that allowed integration. African-Americans used this affront to their dignity to organize a concerted effort against the Souths segregator policies. On New Years Day in 1959, the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) organized a march to condemn racial inequality. After a prayer meeting in Richmond VA. 800 members marched on the Capitol where they passed a resolution calling for an end to Virginias public school crisis (The Civil Rights Movement in Virginia). two weeks later the law that removed financial support for int egrated schools was overturned and led to a massive integration movement.The US Government had supported the integration of public education since the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868. However, at that time there was little political will to enforce the amendment. Racist extremist groups much(prenominal) as the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) ruled the rural south through intimidation and terror.

Business Law (Interbational) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business equity (Interbational) - Essay ExampleSchafer (31-46) explicitly describes the current rules applicable to the measureation of companies operating internationally. For examples, multinational companies or enterprises, and firms sited in another locality different from the residence of the people in charge of the companies administration. The following taxation principles be in actEstablishment of framework for international taxation Schafer (31) strongly believes that the first step in determining what kind of taxes to pay to which locality begins by establishing the framework for the taxation. The importance of the framework is to stipulate one, whether a jurisdiction is entitled to tax income from an internationally run firm two, the allocation formula among the entities that could claim the rights to the tax income and, finally, preventive measures to avoid unduly double taxation.Jurisdiction issue Schafer (33) defines a jurisdiction as the connections residence coun try where its main activities are concentrated, and the confederacy utilizes the benefits provided by the residence country. about of the benefits the residence country (a tax haven, possibly) provides to the company may include economic resources, security or legal, financial, corporeal and social infrastructures that could be used at a cheaper cost compared with the expensiveness of such benefits at the company owners plate countries, as in the case of the three friends from OECD countries (Schafer 33). And tax incomes are traditionally paid to the jurisdiction where is company is situated. Technically, a companys jurisdiction could be described as the place where the company is registered or incorporated. In case it is unclear to ascertain the exact jurisdiction of a company based on its legal registration, the companys place of economic allegiance, that is, where its main management structure and business operation reside could be taken as the

PCL Construction Paper 1 Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

PCL Construction 1 - Term Paper ExampleBased on the large number of employees who have been hired by the PLC construction companies, they have significantly contributed to the growth of the US economy. This has been attained from the high tax on their annual and monthly incomes. Most importantly, the construction companies embark on designing and construction of factories, learning institutions, government houses, hospitals, research centers and roads among others. Thus, the construction industry plays a critical role in the growth of the US economy. This paper seeks to discuss a profile of Parsons Corporation a US based international construction come with.Having been founded in 1944 by Ralph Parsons, Parsons Corporation is a construction company with a conceptive financial background that is based on the various large projects that the company has undertaken in US and in other countries. The company whose headquarters are located in Pasadena, California is extremely involved in designing and construction of large projects such as industrial facilities. Parsons organizational organise consists of the chief executive officer, corporate and operations support, international and North America markets units and regional business units (Ralph, 1978). The posting of directors is made up eleven members namely Charles Harrington, Curtis Bower, Kenneth Dahlberg, Steven Leer, Lawrence Jackson, William Kinsey, James McGovern, Tamara Lundgren, Chritian Mitchell, Mark Holdsworth and Admiraj Zlatoper. In his effort to create strong relationship with its customers and the society, the Ralph Foundation was established by Ralph Parsons to provide charitable services to the members of the society who are ugly or in need of other forms of help. Additionally, the company fulfills its corporate duties by employing six key aspects or values. These values include diversity, innovation, safety, sustainability, integrity and quality

A critical overview on Innovation and knowledge processes Essay

A critical overview on fundament and association processes - Essay ExampleLately, knowledge processes give birth been identified as an integral input towards conversion dynamics. The following is a discussion on how knowledge management influences the innovation dynamics.The gurus of the subject proclaim knowledge management as a provider of strong grow for higher efficacy level in innovation dynamics. In particular with the ever rapidly changing dynamic and competitive markets that exist today, Dalkir (2005) states that the businesses feed to look forward for technological advancements, embedded with experiences of the past grey-hair individuals, holding experience of decades. The innovation dynamics be today in the present century are bound to affect the current business outlook, and nearly of the most influential factors are as followsTherefore, it can be safely assumed that technology would have a significant impact on the way managers in the future entertain a situation . base does not apply to the product but to the processes as well many a times an modernistic move in the process gives a big boost to the product features and entitlements. Innovation, at its grass roots is supported by knowledge management, and its description is discussed as follows.In accordance with the Harvard Business Review (1998), knowledge really defines the basis of innovation, leading in turn towards developing a competitive advantage, which is critical for sustainability in the markets. As illustrated from experiences and extracted from various literature, for survival and sustainability in a cut throat competition that exists today, it is critical for a firm to develop a competitive advantage though one would really want this to be un-replicable but today due to the existing advances in technology, spying and other advancements, it is not possible to moderate a competitive advantage for a longer period of time technologies and

Instructional strategies & approaches 2 Essay Example for Free

Instructional strategies approaches 2 EssayAccording to Barbara Gross Davis, author of Tools for Teaching (1993), students rook best when they participate actively in the process. A lot of research has been made on cooperative acquire, or learning in convocations, and it has been proven that no matter the subject matter, students learn more this way. operative in groups help students learn and retain more about what is taught to them than when they argon taught using other means. Davis enumerates one-third general types of group work. The first type is informal learning groups.These groups arent permanent and may be done in a single session. An example of this is asking the students to turn to their seatmate and discuss a exceptional question. In any case, this kind of grouping may be done in a sectionalization of any size at any time to check the level of understanding of the students, give them a way to apply what they micturate learned or to have a change in the lea rning pace. The second type is formal learning groups, which give the sack be organized to do specific works classs wish writing a report, doing a lab experiment or making a project.The tasks can be completed in one session or over a few weeks, until the students have ruined the activity and are given a grade. The last type of group is a study team. much(prenominal) groups are ordinarily long-term, like a whole semester or course, and have permament members wherein each member is liable for helping each other to complete course requirements and assignments and to provide support and encouragement. A student with a study team can ask his teammates to update him on classes or activities he might have missed.Study teams are valuable in courses that have a large class size and a complex topic. With that in mind, it is then abstract to inquire as to how to group these students so that they would learn the most. Davis cites examples on how one could group the students the instruc tor can assign randomly so that a mix of disparate students are in one group the instructor can let the students choose their groupmates the teacher, himself, forms the groups taking into floor the students differences or the teacher asks the students first on their preferences and then makes assignments.Whichever the case, Davis argues that these types of grouping have their own advantages and disadvantages and can be accustomd depending on circumstance. After all, the teacher cannot assume that just because the students have been grouped and asked to work cooperatively, that they would really do so. It should always be remembered that a group is composed of different individuals with different personalities, skills, concerns, temperament, etc. Thus, the teacher should be flexible, yet firm, and always ready to give assistance.In addition to considering the combination of students in a group, its size should also be given equal attention. According to researches done by Cooper (1990), Johnson, Johnson, and metalworker (1991) and Smith (1986) as cited by Davis, groups with a maximum of five members would work best since a large number would decrease the opportunity for the group members to actively participate. They also add that the group size should be smaller if the members are less skillful and time available for the group work is shorter. Furthermore, the level of the task should also be considered.Simple tasks like solving a math problem or set a seedling would be enough for small groups. On the other hand, complex tasks, such as a chemistry experiment that would require students to research and report, are better done by a bigger group (Knowles, 2005). Of course, students are individuals that have different learning abilities. Some teacher group the class accord to these abilities. According to the Westchester Institute for Human Services Research (2002), ability grouping is the practice of dividing students according to their comprehend learni ng capacities.The two most common ways of grouping via ability is within-in class grouping and between-class grouping. The motive refers to the parting of students with the same abilities into small groups. This is usually seen in Math or Reading classes. Between-class grouping refers to division of students into varying courses or classes according to their achievement. In a nutshell, ability grouping caters to the difference between students. distributively group formed with this strategy may be using different materials that are unique and impart address their needs.In general, research shows that within-class grouping produces better results than mixed ability grouping. Within-class grouping can get ahead faster learning since the students are learning with people of the same level and pace. Thus, fast learners can queer more topics without being dragged by the slow learners. On the other hand, as learning progresses it is only appropriate that the task surdy also increas e, and in line with that, the group composition and number. A more difficult task would require a larger group to execute successfully.Thus, if a class was previously change integrity into smaller groups, the teacher can merge these groups to form a larger group. In relation with this, the teacher should again consider the composition of the groups. Ideally, it is better that the group be as diversified as practicable but should also contain a fair number of the assets, those with previous relevant coursework or run-in proficient, and liabilities, those with negative attitudes toward the course or language problems, in a class.Whole group instruction is usually used when introducing a new topic, new materials or new strategies to the whole class. In this way, the teacher can build a common experience between the students which can later be an bridle-path for progress exploration of the topic and improvement in their problem solving and other skills (Valentino, 2000). On the ot her hand, group or collaborative learning cannot always be used despite its good results. Since topics have to be discussed within a certain timeframe, it is very hard to use collaborative learning often since such strategy really takes a lot of time.Thus, for courses that covers a broad, complex topic, like general chemistry or physics, it is advisable to make the students form a study team. For example, in chemistry, experiments may be done by a whole group. They can perform one experiment and help each other go bad their data and understand what they just did. In such a setting, not only will it derogate the concerns of the teacher, it would also help those students who come to class unprepared. At least, with group mates, there would still be an avenue for them to cope with the lesson. Also,Also, collaborative learning would be beneficial if the class size is large. As mentioned earlier, a heterogenous group is ideal. A teacher would want to distribute those whove already unde rstood the topic or are fast learners among those that are still coping or having some difficulty. What the teacher can do, then, is determine the students that could be classified among the two groups. Generally, the teacher can determine the assets and liabilities by observation, diagnostic tests or group dynamics activity or by asking other teachers and his students.Such a technique would ensure that psyche in the group knows whats happening in class and possibly give assistance to his groupmates. In conclusion, group or collaborative learning is very beneficial to students. However, the success of such activities would depend on the composition and size of the group, as well as the level of learning of the students. The teacher should know when to use this strategy and he should be well prepared, organized and flexible when doing so.References Davis, BG. (1993). Collaborative Learning Group clip and Study Team. Tools for Teaching.Retrieved August 16, 2007, from http//teaching. berkeley. edu/bgd/collaborative. html Knowles, P. (2005). Thoughts on Student Grouping Teaching Decisions. Retrieved August 16, 2007, from http//www. netc. org/emailprotected/classrooms/peter/working/grouping. html Valentino, C. (2000).Flexible Grouping. Retrieved August 31, 2007, from http//www. eduplace. com/science/profdev/articles/valentino. html Westchester Institute for Human Services Research (2002). readiness Grouping. The Balanced View Research-based information on timely topics. Vol. 6, No. 2.

Indigenous peoples in Australia Essay Example for Free

Indigenous peoples in Australia EssayIndigenous Peoples of Australia is categorized into two groups namely, the Aboriginal People and the Torres Strait Islanders (Sharp). Aboriginal peoples are verbalise to be the group of IPs, who became the first settlers in mainland Australia. The Torres Strait Islanders are the ones who are originally the inhabitants of the office between Australia and New Guinea. Indigenous Australians include a very diverse communities and societies across the whole Australia.Studies and researches launch that thither is an approximately 200 languages that are native to the Indigenous Australians and 20 of these languages are still universeness spoken up to now in Australia (Sharp). The majority of the Indigenous Australians resides in the south east scraggy the Murray River. Indigenous Peoples in sulphur Africa The African region has been termed as home for the majority of original peoples (Clark). pairing and to the south Africa are comprised of indigenous communities which are also divided into several subgroups.Though hunting, gathering and agricultural means are the roughly basic means used by the indigenous peoples in Africa, some(a) indigenous communities have already learned the agricultural system. As mentioned, the diverse indigenous communities in twain North and South Africa are grouped not on the basis of their chronological subsistence but on the basis of their common characteristics in terms of cultural inclinations and lifestyle. Mining Operations in Australia and South Africa South Africa and Australia rank second and third respectively as the worlds top producers of gold (Indigenous company Organisations and Miners, 2007).While gold is the second outstanding export product of Australia, it is the biggest export product of South Africa. It is needed that mine in both Australia and South Africa helps the two in advancing and maintaining good economic standings. However, different issues like human ri ghts violations have been reportedly committed be effort of the digging operations in South Africa and Australia. On the other hand, South Africa and Australia have different cases in terms of the developments regarding the alleviation of human rights violations through mine operations.In Australia, the governance devises a strategic approach which aims to reconcile the mining companies and the indigenous peoples (The Mining Ombudsman, 2007). As part of the Corporate Social Responsibility of the mining companies, they are obligated by the law to postdate up with humanitarian programs that which are directed towards the promotion of the welfare of the indigenous peoples in Australia. Mining companies conducted seminars, conferences and workshops that which enables the indigenous peoples know how mining projects operate and how could they help the indigenous peoples improve their everyday living.Through these programs and projects, the rights of the Indigenous Australians are being upheld in such a way that they are set towards progress and development unneurotic with the mining corporations. However, in the case of the mining operations in South Africa, there is a deficiency of consideration given to the indigenous peoples. The mining companies in South Africa have been reportedly accused of exploiting the essential resources within the habitats of the indigenous peoples in South Africa (Communities take ponder off, 2006).Environmental degradation, displacement of the indigenous peoples from their residences, and health hazards brought about by the mining operations are among the issues raised by the indigenous communities (Communities take decrease off, 2006). Their rights as people are being neglected in such way that the mining activities cause harm on their part. Many forests are deforested and the wild life is severely threatened. It is to be noted that most of the indigenous peoples in South Africa live on uplands as well as near forests.The wi peout of these forests signals the destruction of their homes too. Thus, in order to safeguard their rights for these natural resources (as their homes and source of food and others), protection and preservation of the environment should also be considered by the governing body as well as the mining corporations. In addition, there is also a treat to the health of the indigenous peoples caused by the toxic and other wastes products that are being secreted during mining activities (Communities take shine off, 2006).Water contamination and lead poisoning are some of the health hazards that are caused by mining. Lastly, cultural degradation is also said to occur in indigenous communities because mining devastates certain sites which are sacred and ceremonial for the indigenous peoples. Conclusion Though, mining serves the economic growth of Australia and South Africa, it does not change the fact that it brings certain disadvantages towards the people particularly on the indigenous pe oples.The main difference of opinion between the impact of the mining operations on the indigenous communities in Australia and South Africa is that in Australia the government and the mining companies are aware of the fact that they should consider the well-being of the indigenous peoples whereas in South Africa the government and the mining corporations lacks awareness and cooperation to resolve the conflict between the indigenous peoples and the mining operations.Works Cited Maybury-Lewis, David. Indigenous Peoples, cultural Groups, and the State. Second ed. Allyn and Bacon, 2001. Sharp, Anne. Indigenous Peoples of the World Australia.First ed. Lucent Books, 2002. Clark, Domini. South Africa the People. Crabtree Publishing Company, 1999. The Mining Ombudsman. 2007. Oxfam Australia. 09 November 2007 http//www. oxfam. org. au/campaigns/mining/ombudsman/. Indigenous Community Organisations and Miners Partnering Sustainable Regional Development. 14 February 2007.The Australian Na tional University. 09 November 2007 http//www. anu. edu. au/caepr/mining. php. Communities take shine off platinum players in South Africas Bushveld. 19 May 2006. Mines and Communities. 09 November 2007 http//www. minesandcommunities. org/Action/press1099. htm.

Discuss the writers use of the supernatural Essay Example for Free

Discuss the writers use of the magical EssayThe two stories resemble each other with the idea they communicate with the lecturer, that bulk should respect the supernatural. In the Withered Arm, Thomas Hardy develops why we should fear and respect the supernatural by showing that by mocking Gertrude about her medicines and counter curses, Farmer Lodge ended up with a dead watchword and a dead wife. He also ended up selling all his land because he could not endure staying in the village with everyone gossiping about him. Also by keeping the rate of the story fast and building up to all the supernatural events keeps us tense.In the Monkeys Paw, Sergeant major(ip) Morris warns the sports homolike family about the consequences of the wishes the paw grants. However the White family do not take heed of the model and take advantage of the paw and in doing so, they end up with their son dead, Mrs. White acting senselessly to try and bring back her son and Mr. White having to wish his son back to the grave. The author is seek to tell us that if you do not respect the supernatural and take advantage of it, you will get hold its wrath. The two stories are alike in other ways. Both stories involve young innocent people suffering.In the Monkeys Paw Herbert died for his familys foolishness. Whilst in the Withered Arm it was Rhodas and Farmer Lodges son that was innocently sent to the gallows. other similarity is that people that were selfish earlier on in the stories are punished in the end. Mr. White is self-seeking at the start of the Monkeys Paw and does not take Sergeant Major Morris advice and his son dies as a result. In the Withered Arm Farmer Lodge is punished for his negligence shown to his son and his ill fortune to accept the responsibility for his son. The consequence for this is the eventual attending of his only son.Also both stories have teetotal twists. In the Monkeys Paw the family wishes for two hundred pounds and after the silver doesnt appear straight away, Herbert says Well I dont see the money, and I bet I never shall. The wish eventually does come true and the money is handed over to the family merely only as an insurance payout for Herberts death at the factory. So the satire is that Herbert will never actually see the money. In the Withered Arm the ironic twist is that when Gertrude was postponement for a hanging she got so desperate that she used to pray for a hanging O Lord, hang some guilty or innocent person soon It turned out her prayers were answered but the man seen to be in the wrong turned out to be Farmer Lodges and Rhoda Brooks son but it seemed the boy was wrongfully charged with arson. At the hanging, Farmer Lodge and Rhoda were present in the crowd and one time Gertrude had realized the hung man must be their son, she entered a sense of shock. This proved too much for her and she died. The irony is that she prayed for a man to be hung, so that she could cure herself but the man in the end w as her husbands son and this did the opposite of curing her and the shock of it all ended her life.In conclusion, the writers use the supernatural to show the reader that if you ridicule the supernatural, it will backfire on you and you will feel the consequences greatly. Also they try and make you terrified of the supernatural by making the paranormal events happen to normal people. Meaning it could have been you instead.

The History of Religion in the US Essay Example for Free

The taradiddle of Religion in the US EssayWhen you prize of religion in the join States and how it started you may think of the archetypal settlers. These were non the first being to piety a higher power in the United States. The Indians believed in and worshiped The spacious Spirit. Despite the many tribes equal the Sioux and Iroquois they all had the same belief in The Great Spirit. The Great Spirit could be present in animals as well as inanimate objects. They all developed great ceremonies to on it. Then came the colonists, the first settlers, who were predominantly protestant these settlers leftfield their home countries because of religion. They did not want to be told how to worship their God. These colonists were Christians but as they began to settle, those with different beliefs separated themselves and developed new segments of religion. The puritans left their country to escape religious prosecution. They later developed the religions of Baptist and Congress ionalists. Their religion was based on the teachings of John Calvin, and was aspect to purify the religion of the Church of England. Their religions eventually lead to self isolation and witch hunts of peck who did not follow their religion.The Methodists were a group of Oxford University Students. They were not fleeing religious prosecution when they arrived. The Methodist Church as beseem the second largest Protestant Church in the United States today. The memoir of Religion in the United StatesChrista hartLutherans were like no other American Christian denomination their national origin did play an key role in their history. Members came from Germany, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, and Norway. The Lutherans settled on the East Coast and American Midwest, and celebrated worship go in their native tongues.Presbyterians who bore little resemblance to the liturgy, structure, and tradition associated with the Roman Catholic Church, the Presbyterian and Reformed churches dower a com mon origin in the teachings of John Calvin. Their belief structure and practices are centered on the Bible and the sovereignty of God. Presbyterians make up one of the largest branches of Protestant Christianity today.The next religion, the Quakers, were make uped in 1647 by incline preacher George Fox, the Society of Friends emphasized a direct relationship with God. Ones conscience, not the Bible, was the eventual(prenominal) authority on morals and actions. The state I live in Pennsylvania was founded by the Quakers, specifically William Penn, as a religious sanctuary. Quakers did not capture a clergy or dedicated church buildings, and therefrom held their meetings in which participants deliberated silently on issues and spoke up when the Spirit moved them. Dressed in homey clothes, Quakers preferred a simple life over one enjoyed by the aristocracy of England and the burgeoning merchant figure in the colonies. They also shared an abhorrence of violence. I find my beliefs, even though I The archives of Religion in the United StatesChrista Hartfollow or believe in no God, similar, that if you were to pick out the faith in religion, you should not need to have a specific building, life style or presence in society to practice that religion. That doing so unless creates a difference among populate creating more than separation in a race that should be united. And violence should never be tolerated, growing up in a house hold where violence and abuse was common place, this is a rule that people in my life need to abide by.The oldest Christian churches Roman Catholicism, Anglicanism, and Eastern Jewish-Orthodoxy, have left their peculiar stamp on the history of religion in America. Called liturgical for their adherence to an elaborate, set form of ritualistic worship practices, most of those churches observe seven sacraments throughout their members lives, whereas later Christian denominations usually celebrated whole two.Anglicanism, The Church o f England (later the Episcopal Church in the U.S.) was first planted on American soil at the ill-fated Roanoke Colony in Virginia, when their first services were held on August 13, 1687. Since that landing, they grew and experienced numerous schisms. Their worship services are similar in some ways to those of Roman Catholicism, and their clergy orders are the same bishops, priests, and deacons.The account statement of Religion in the United States Christa HartEastern Orthodoxy in America consists of more than a xii church bodies whose national origin is reflected by their names, such as the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese, Romanian Orthodox Episcopate of America, and the Russian Orthodox Church outside Russia. Eastern Orthodox beliefs are based on Blessed tradition, or doctrines from early Christianity, and the Bible.Utopian communities were established in America as places where followers would not outlet could achieve a perfect religious, political and social system. The first comm unity was established by a group of Dutch Mennonites in 1663 near what is now Lewes, Delaware.When the constitution was written it stated in the first amendment which is called the Establishment Clause, Congress shall make no law respecting the establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free cipher thereof. Also, the relationship between religion and politics was established in the Article VI of the First Amendment that states, No religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any billet or public trust under the United States. The definition of the separation of church and state found in the U.S. Constitution has caused more disagreement than any other in the nations history.The History of Religion in the United States Christa HartThis is a continuously tried amendment, to be challenged by people of religion who try to push their religion or a religion on anyone and everyone who would listen. Just like prayers in schools are constantly pushed by religious politici ans. It should not be anyones choice on what to believe, it is for a person to decide solely on their own through age and experiences.Religion has keep to change over the decades as more and more immigrants of different religions come to the United States such as Muslim, Buddhists, Jewish, they have been joined by more modern religions like Scientology and Mysticism.More and more people have also chosen, like myself, to have no religion but to base their lives on scientific beliefs in the way the earth and its creatures were created. However religious people also have this similar belief just stating their God would have to have their hand in this somehow. This would contradict most Christian religions.

Crime and Punishment in Ancient Greece Essay Example for Free

Crime and Punish custodyt in antediluvian Greece EssayToday, criminals are punished for their crimes by going to jail or prison or existence on probation. But what was it like in quaint Greece? After the Dark Ages, about 1200-900 BC, the Ancient Greeks had no official laws or punishments. Murders were settled by the victims family killing the murderer, but this was difficult if they were elderly or female. This a good deal began endless blood feuds. It was not until the seventh century BC that the Greeks began to establish laws. Around 620 BC, Draco wrote the root law for Greece.This law said that exile was the penalty for murder and was the only one of Dracos laws that Solon unploughed when he became law giver in 594 BC. Foreign slaves were oft employed as police men and women in Ancient Greece. After somebody reported a crime, if somebody was arrested, an informant would receive one-half of fine charged to the criminal. In Athens, criminals were tried before a jury of 200 or to a greater extent citizens picked at random. Going to prison was not an usual punishment for the people of Greece.In cases involving rape, theft, adultery, and murder, the accused got a written summons that told them when they had to appear before the magistrate. Athenian law was divided into two things, public and esoteric action. Public actions included the entire community. Private actions included an individual. In cases of murder, the victims family was required to prosecute the killer. Even though magistrates were at the trial, they werent judges. They neither gave advice nor did they convict the felon. They just supervised the hearing.The jury in a trial was make up of 200-600 members over the age of thirty to make sure there was no risk or bribery. After the speeches had been delivered by the prosecution and the defense, the jurors voted without deliberation. In the 5th century BC, jurors cast their vote in secret. apiece juror was provided with two tokens, one fo r conviction and the other for acquittal. The juror put one of these in a timberlanden urn whose tokens were disregarded, and the other in a bronze urn whose votes were counted. Judgement was passed on a majority verdict.In the 5th century B. C. , a tie meant an acquittal. In the following century, old-numbered juries were the norm and that is the custom today. In Ancient Rome the slaves had no rights at all. They were thought of and treated like merchandise. However, slaves did cost money to buy so many of the punishments did not inflict lasting damage. The lash was the most common punishment. When slaves were beaten, they were suspended with a incubus tied to their feet, so they wouldnt be able to move them. Another punishment was to be branded in the forehead.An alternative punishment included the slave being forced to carry a piece of wood around their necks wherever they went. This was called furca and whichever slave had had been punish with this was called furcifer all the time after that. Slaves were also, by way of punishment, often kept in a work-house, or house of correction, where they had to turn a mill for grinding corn. When punished for any capital offense, they were commonly crucified but this was eventually prohibited under the rule of the Emperor Constantine.In Rome, the punishments for death are beheading, strangling in prison, throwing a criminal from the Tarpeian rock, crucifixion, burying a person alive, or throwing a criminal in the river (patricide). Throwing a criminal in the river was inflicted for killing your father. The criminal was immediately blindfold as unworthy of the light, and in the next place the person were taken to the field of Mars distant Rome, stripped of e precisething then whipped with rods. He was then sewed up in a sack, and thrown into the sea. posterior in time, to add to the punishment for patricide, a serpent was put in the sack and still later, an ape, a dog and a cock. The sack which held the criminal w as called Culeus, on which account the punishment itself is often signified by the same name. There are eight kinds of punishments, fine, fetters, flogging, retaliation of kind, civil disgrace, banishment, slavery, and death. Punishments in Ancient Rome were very harsh and violent and they are unlike the laws today.

The ways neurons function helps Essay Example for Free

The ways neurons function helps EssayTypically, this type of stimulus-response reflexive action involves a collection of neurons initiating and provoking responses across synaptic junctions into other neurons. Synaptic inter-neuronal communication has illuminated demeanoral association as malfunction at the synapse is thought to underlie psychological disorders such as mood commotion (Toates, 2007).Electrical signals arriving at the synaptic cleft trigger the release of stored neurotransmitters which operate as chemical messengers travel neuronal impulses towards the target neuron. Target neuron receptors are specialized to particular neurotransmitters thereby prohibiting erroneous remark of any neighbouring neurons. Once occupied, the neurotransmitter effectuates either an excitatory or inhibitory response in the post-synaptic neuron therefore achieving a chemical bridge to conduct electrical impulses translated from stimuli.The biologic perspective assumes that neuronal activity forms the biological infrastructure for psychological experiences such as emotions and moods thus alterations to the uneasy system, particularly synaptic activity has the major power to alter behaviour and mood. Through manipulation of the specific properties of neurotransmitter release, availability and deactivation, medical therapies have been advanced. For example, diminished serotonin has been implicated in attention and mood disorders and delaying the re-absorption or re-uptake into the releasing neuron favours alleviation of depressive symptoms.The anti-depressive agent Prozac, capitalises on this process by selectively targeting seretonergic synapses to block serotonin reuptake, which results in increased bio-availability of serotonin and change mood (Toates, 2007). The full range of human behaviour is more comprehensive than simple reflexive actions or low mood but the relevance of understanding neuronal function at a risible level becomes clear when the billi ons of individual neurons that make up the top dog and combine to create the neural systems prudent for particular roles are considered.For example, invasive investigations in animal models have allowed researchers to isolate the receptive fields of specific neurons in the visual system permitting hemispheric and brain lobe functionality mapping. Comprehension in functional responsibility of brain lobes has translated into evidence supporting biological links with psychological experiences such as memory.Penfield and Rasmussen discoered that surgical patients break vivid historical memories during electrical stimulation of the temporal lobe (as cited in Toates, 2007) and electrical stimulation can at once be administered through permanent implants in specific areas of the brain for succor of chronic pain. Alteration of the neural sequence is achieved by either reducing activity in pain related neurons or increase electrical activity in neurons associated with positive emotions ( Toates, 2007).Further supporting evidence for biological influence over behaviour is found in incidents of extensive brain damage resulting in significant alterations to temperament with noteworthy examples such as Phineas Gage enlightening aspects of behavioural science. Surviving an industrial accident that involved anterior lobe damage, Gage exhibited little deterioration to intellectual and linguistic abilities but marked transformations in personality, previously considered let out of character.Thus, whilst the brain and nervous system exhibit remarkable properties of functional continuation despite insult, focal damage, in this case to the region responsible for inhibition of emotional expression can produce pronounced effectuate on behaviour lending support to a biological explanation for some aspects of behaviour. Evidence from ghoulish and damaged brains provides support for biological perspectives ascribing behaviour through physiology but some aspects of human behavio ur do not portray a clear uni-directionality of effect.Whilst the efficacy and mode of action of pharmaceutical agents such as Prozac implicate neuro-chemical involvement in depression, patient response is distinctively individual and Anisman and Zacharko demonstrated that immaterial factors such as stress could contribute to the development of depression in individuals with little biological pre-disposition (as cited in Toates, 2007, p. 278). Even the mitigation of pain has been shown by Wall to be contingent on anticipation of relief in patients administered inert substances rather than Morphine (as cited in Toates, 2007, p.261). It would appear that individual beliefs and attitudes can be as important to outcomes as bio-chemical engineering. Research at a biological level augments understanding of human behaviour and has importantly led to treatments and remedies for some conditions through modification to neural function. However, an exclusively reductionist approach appears m eagerly in the face of evidence highlighting the reciprocal effect of social, environmental and experiential factors.

Assess the Reasons for the February Revolution Essay Example for Free

Assess the Reasons for the February Revolution EssayHe was alike Anti-semitic, a quality which is why he did nothing about attacks by the b neglect hundreds or the like, and this is to a fault why some(prenominal) Jews joined the revolutionary parties. Nicholas also appointed many bad ministers, who in reality worsened the situation, rather than keeping the better ministers such as Stolypin and Witte, who had aimed to reform Russia, instead dismissing them. He refused to concord political reforms such as those demanded in the 1905 revolution. His governments failure to politically reform also led to problems. They promised reforms that werent carried out, didnt pass reforms that could have been extremely helpful to Russias situation. They also didnt accept ideas such as liberal freedoms, and Stolypins own reforms soon proven to be too little, too late. Nicholas Failure to reform due to his conservatism, as well as his governments failure, proved to be its downfall. Lack of r eform left the working classes in poor conditions, which let Socialism make grow rapidly, with the middle class beseeming Critical of the Tsar and his system.The governing didnt deal with the peasantry and the impart hunger, and Stolypins reforms did not aid the situation in the end. They increasingly used suppression as War grew closer, do more and more discontent. As well as this, if Nicholas II hadnt been the way he was, at that place wouldnt have been the revolutionary parties that pushed for change. The First World War is a highly important factor, and Russias entry into it was due to its foreign policy, and it ties to France due to loans. There were three years of very little success, which pervert the people.The army was highly inefficient and unorganised, with massive casualties in battles. The war caused a great strain on the economy, which affected the working class and the peasantry, in that the peasantry were pushed to produce food which was hard to produce in the coarse conditions of Russia, and the working class were pushed hard to produce weaponry in the factories. And this caused discontent among the many classes of Russia. There was also a strain on social cohesion, with people beginning to grow more discontent on the whole, and with less unity.As well as this the incompetence of the government was revealed, which was shown to all the people of Russia now that it couldnt be hidden. To add to this, the government began to increase its use of suppression, forcing Russian culture on Minorities, persecuting Jews, using right actions to deal with protest, and continuing with the oppressive Okhrana. The government also showed its lack of understanding on how to deal with protest, as it most often simply reverted to suppression rather than negotiation, which just led to more discontent and riots. industrialization is another important factor, as well as the working class. The proletariat was growing, with poor conditions and overcrowding, co mbined with the lack of reforms by the government. Socialism was becoming huge in working class circles, and they began to move for change. There were many working class strikes, especially during the February revolution. The higher industrial demand of the war as well as the growing industry put strains on the peasantry, with high taxes, which caused mass discontent.The peasantry as well as the land hunger in Russia was also a factor of fair importance. The Peasants wanted the land that belonged to the gentry, and Stolypins reforms hadnt resolved this, as peasants began taking land for their own. As well as this, the peasants that were conscripted into the army became disillusioned and would last join the others in the February revolution against the Tsar and his regime. There was also a lack of food, and the failure to contribute sufficient amounts of grain led to urban unrest.The Middle class opposition towards the government began to grow in the lead up to this period. There w as a growth in Political debate, despite autocracys ongoing reign, as well as a growing middle class involvement in the Zemstva and a general doctrine in the need to widen the basis of the regime. There began a schooling of Professions, and the Intelligentsia that had been educated in the Universities began to see what was going wrong. As well as this, Education was becoming more widespread, so more and more people were becoming disillusioned about the government and its actions.The subvert classes began seeing what was wrong with the country and its government, and began wanting change. Alexandra and Rasputin were a strong influence on Nicholas II, and she reinforced his belief in autocracy. As well as this, Alexandras German origins led to fake rumours of her treason against Russia, which although fake, notwithstanding sowed discontent among the people, especially in Petrograd. Rasputin gained influence over the Royal Family, leading to people being unsettled who was authen tically in power.Nicholas was influenced by both of these people, and this means they too contributed to Russias problems. The Revolutionary parties only really took control after the revolution, but they still had their part to play in it, albeit a more nonoperational part. Their propaganda undermined loyalty to the Regime, and they reduced the quality of the Bureaucracy by drawing away the able young ministers. The Government grew afraid of them, and tried to use increasing amounts of suppression to try and control them, which just increased discontent.Overall, Nicholas II is the most important factor in the outbreak of the Revolution. If he had not been there, the other factors would probably not have existed. He caused the discontent and protest simply because of the failure of his government to reform, rather they chose to uphold Autocracy and not give any power to the people of Russia. The least important factor is the Revolutionary parties, as although they played a more act ive and important part in the aftermath of the Revolution, they were mostly passive in the largely spontaneous February revolution.

Nature Strongly Influences Early Human Development Essay Example for Free

disposition Strongly Influences Early Human Development EssaySince biology was determined as a information there have always been argues about the question of whether nature or nurture make is more important to earlier benignant development. Early human development includes the period surrounded by conceiving the fetus and knead the first steps of infancy. Each arguing side has umpteen supporting arguments and evidences, which bring a brisk fuel to this ever-burning flame.Although nurtures shape on the newborns could not be underestimated, natures influence is stronger and more important to the early human development because of genes and some inevitable processes in development. As it is known, at the moment of conception a remarkable amount of personal characteristics are already determined by the genes. They decide sex, the color of eyes and human characteristics. These genetic determinants are expressed in development through and through the process of maturatio n. This evidence shows the role of nature is much higher than the role of nurture.Despite this view, many cool it consider nurture to be more influential to early human development due to conditions in uterine environment. However, such an argument could not deny the fact that early human development innately determined sequences of growth and change that a relatively independent on environmental events. The process of humans fetus development within the mothers body is strictly fixed by genetically programmed time schedule, and fetal behavior, such as kicking, also follows an orderly sequences that depends on the stage of growth.The process of maturation is also fixed by this schedule. One of the best examples of inevitability of these processes in development is dis mien of the reflexive head-turning response to the direction of the seminal fluid of sound. The temporary disappearance of this reflex probably represents a maturational transition from a reflexive response controll ed by sub cortical areas of the brain to a spontaneous attempt to locate the sound source.(Hiller, Hewitt Morrongiello, 1992 Ashmead et al. , 1991 Field, 1987). By four months, infants will reach the correct direction toward the source of sound in the dark by six months, they show a marked increase in their responsiveness to sounds that accompanied by interesting sights and are able to pinpoint the location of sound more precisely, an ability that continues to improve into their second year (Hiller, Hewitt Morrongiello, 1992 Ashmead et al., 1991 Field, 1987).Opponents argue that this genetically programmed schedule is depends on environmental influence and nurture. Study carried out by McGraw indicates that practice or extra stimulation can accelerate the appearance of motor behaviors to some extent, especially in a stepping reflex. However, this five-seven weeks difference on start of walking between stimulated and does not stimulated newborns just highlights the inevitability o f development processes.In conclusion, it should be evident that the arguments which was presumptuousness to support that nurture is more strongly influences early human development is not valid. On the contrary, many people involved to studying this issue say that genes contribute to strengthen of natures influence on early human development by inevitability of natural processes. Furthermore, extra stimulation is not so importantly important for development because the children may develop without it. Therefore, Nature strongly influences early human development than nurture.

Huckelberry Finn Essay Example for Free

Huckelberry Finn EssayI have decided to consider three distinct journal articles related to the novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, pen by Mark Twain in 1884. I chose this topic because the novel is widely considered a masterpiece.In fact, Ernest Hemingway described its importance with the following fourth dimension All modern American literature comes from a book by Mark Twain called Huckleberry Finn. In addition, the topic has a great interest because the novel has always been a subject of controversy payable to racial issues and the alleged praise of juvenile delinquency that it portrays. The three articles that and I am going to notice on be the following 1) Huckleberry Finn and America (Chicago Tribune, January 17, 2002) 2) Huck Finn, Censorship and the N-word Controversy, by Delia Lloyd (www. politicsdaily. com, January 6, 2011) 3) Light out, Huck, They Still extremity to Sivilize You, by Michiko Kakutani (The New York Times, January 6, 2011).Look moresatiric al play essayIn order to oppose and analyse these three articles, I am going to focus on two main forelands the boilersuit intuitive feeling that the conditions of the different articles have about the book (which is usually very good) and what they comment on the disputed matters thatnovel deals with. First of all, I will concentrate on the overall opinion that the authors transmit regarding Huckleberry Finn.On article 1, the author (whose name is not revealed) defines the novel in the following terms Few books in the U. S history have been as influentialor as controversialas Huckleberry Finn. Furthermore, he added Huckleberry Finn not only has survived the efforts to bury it, it has thrived and it has grown as a teaching tool.As we could see, the author praises the novel strongly. In addition, he rejects the close to critical opinions and defends Twains intentions (Twain wasskewering hatred and racism, fanaticism and religious bigotry, royalty and imperialism). In the case of article 2, the author, Delia Lloyd, does not express a clear opinion about the novel itself.However, she declares herself as a devotee of Mark Twain, so it is likely to signify that he has quite a positive opinion about the novel. Regarding article 3, its author, Michiko Kakutani, quotes Hemingways famous fourth dimension about Twain at the beginning of the article. Apart from that, there are not any more explicit opinions about the novel itself.However, a thorough reading of the article evidences a strong defending team of it, and the author shows a very defiant attitude with those who criticize it. In terms of controversy, the articles express different opinions and ideas, and the authors make clear what they think about the nature and the novel and the convenience of altering it. For instance, it is important to point out the different dates in which the articles were written.Whereas article 1 was written in 2002, articles 2 3 were written the very same day (January 6, 2 011) and were triggered by the same cause (a universityprofessor, Alan Gribben, had written a new fluctuation of Huckleberry Finn replacing controversial words such as nigger or injun for more neutral, innoxious terms). The author of article 1 is very critical with those who aim to disapprove the novel. In fact, he declaredTwain wrote satire, and there are glorious lessons in his books even if they ruffle readers or appear, simply in the telling of the unvarnished truth, to well-nighhow glorify injustice and racism. In addition, he ends the article with a sentence that leaves no doubt about his opinion regarding racial and social controversy arisen by the novel.(Huckleberry Finn is a glorious celebration of friendship and tolerance triumphing over the racism and hypocrisy of the day. That is why its a hard book to readand why it is one of the greatest works of American Literature). Delia Lloyd express a somehow ambiguous opinion about whether is convenient or not to introduce cha nges in the novel. On the one hand, she says to be sympathetic with several(prenominal) authors quoted in her article, who are in clear phone line with Gribbens version of the novel (for instance, Matt Blum is quoted as saying How can we expect children to learn palpable history if we sanitize it for them?, whereas Elon James White argues that the only way to get Americans to deal openly and frankly with prejudice is to force students to be uncomfortable with terms thatunpleasant though they may beare part and parcel of our countrys blatantly racist past). On the other hand, Delia Lloyd excessively makes some positive remarks about Gribbens ideas later on in the article, probably based upon her come as a mother (As a parent, however, Im less sympathetic to Gribbens critics, or there are more practical reasons to think that having a cleaned-up version of Huckleberry Finn isnt, as beauty parlours.Mary Elizabeth Williams puts it, the worst thing in the world ). Finally, article 3 is opposed to change the accredited version of the novel. This could already be implied from the title, which misspells the word civilize. This is a clear reference to the tendency of some characters of the book to pronounce words wrongly. Michiko Kakutani develops this idea throughout the article, refuting Grribben with subtleness and irony. As a result, he sometimes describes Grubbin grasp with adjectives in inverted commas (improved) or using aggressive ones to refer to him and his work.(Being an iconic classic, however, hasnt protected the novel from being banned, bowdlerized and bleeped). To conclude, I must say that, after reading the novel and several articles related to it, I think that the novel should be preserved in its original state. As furthest as Im concerned, such a masterpiece deserves to be respected and remain unaltered. In addition, teachers should be very careful when explaining it to children, and try to transmit them the real (and benevolent) intentions of Mark Twain. Bibliography -Huckleberry Finn and America (Chicago Tribune, January 17, 2002).An articlewritten in the scope of the PBS series directed by documentary filmmaker Ken Burns, which appeared soon after the article. -Huck Finn, Censorship and the N-word Controversy, by Delia Lloyd (www. politicsdaily. com, January 6, 2011). It is an ambiguous article about the necessity of changing Huckleberry Finns most controversial parts. -Light out, Huck, They Still Want to Sivilize You, by Michiko Kakutani (The New York Times, January 6, 2011). A strong defence of the novel and enraged critic of those who intend to change it. -Playing in the Dark Whiteness and the Literary Imagination (Toni Morrison, 1992).

Down Goes Banking Up Comes Problem-Posing Essay Example for Free

Down Goes Banking Up Comes Problem-Posing turn upIn the article The Banking Concept of Education, Friere claims that the teacher and students relationship is fundamentally narrative in which the students ar somewhat beingness trapped in the system of Banking Education. Freire goes on to say that grooming is suffering from narrative sickness, which means that information is being repeated constantly to the point where it has no significance to it or that it is lifeless. Students are becoming alienated when learning time is being generated from the teacher, Friere argues. Students are becoming machine-like-creatures because they are not engaged into the lesson. Friere writes that tetrad times four is sixteenThe student records, memorizes, and repeats these phrases without perceiving what four times four really means p.318.Students are too simply just repeating what they are told, but they really do not have an explanation or an understanding as of why the answer is that par ticularized answer. Also the student works on storing the information that they were given, this causes their critical consciousness not to develop at the normal pace. I agree with Freire on this issue. A solution to this issue would be the Jasperian split. Instead of students pickings mental notes, they could wright questions in regards to the lesson. For example, if I am writing an essay I would not just being aware of the essay I am writing but also questioning, why I am doing so.Overall I believe that The Banking Concept is rendering our development as students as well as teachers. It has caused many students to not think outside of the corner, but to make them become a receptacle to be alter with narrative information passed on from our teachers, Friere explains. Teachers also have grown to become the superior opposite to the compulsive ignorance of their students, but just like how the teacher can teach a student, the student can prepare the teacher as well. This concept h as made much of our generation into the norm. We need to think outside the box and to transform our generation into what we want to become of it.

Macro Management Scheme in NEMO Environment

large Management Scheme in NEMO milieuAn enhanced Macro Management Scheme in NEMO Environment to Achieve circular-knit HandoffQoutibah AlAssi1. AbstractIn NEMO(NETWORK MOBILITY) and when they argon connected to the net income through energetic or even laptops and during the move from one place to an early(a) process occurs unplug this process its output a great deal at the point of contact with SMR within the net domesticate NEMO have changed every that HA(HOME AGENT) was Mtaatsal with SMR in the network and go ha to a nonher area and want SMR in other network to communicate with ha and indeed the trans coifion of the SMR to SMR Other.During the handoff process that leads to the bolshie of Internet connection and so put up not ha move and receiving the packet data and this leads to a qualifying of packet data and match during normal time.And wont to shows that proposed plan outperforms the standard NEMO BSP in terms of packet loss (packet loss less than 6%)COA CARE OF ADDRESS.BU nitty-gritty BINDING UPDATE.RO ROUTER OPTIMIZATION.MBB MAKE-BEFORE-BREAK.MNN MOBILE NETWORK NODES.LMA LOCAL MOBILITY ANCHORS.LMD LOCAL MOBILITY DOMAIN.LFN LOCAL FIXED NODE.2. IntroductionIn NEMO BSP and during rude(a) and re-connect altogether Coa in SMR is capable of recording HA, which affects the process of completing handoff in terms of packet loos and the delayOne effect that will be shown off here is the use of large mobility mangement strategy for NEMO network, which integrates ameliorate fhmipv6 with the roving networkThis leads to speed handoff mechanism for SMR handoff with LFN in NEMO networkThere are two salubrious known mechanisms in internet mobility to reduce the handoff delay are classified into host mobility HMIPV6, FMIPV6, HMIPV6)as well as the network mobility(NEMO BSP)1-3.According to host mobility , the important purpose of HMIPv6 is 4 to come down the frequency and latency of location modifys caused by MNs mobility where as the FM IPv65 nates reduce the handover latency and packet loss during handover of MN through providing all the unavoidable information of next AR for layer 3 handover before going to the part of its subnet. Due to come on reduce signaling overhead and packet loss, it is achievable to use HMIPv6 and FMIPv6 jointly known as FHMIPv6 6. If these mechanisms are combined in NEMO environment so mobile.Node (MN) and mobile courser(MR) performs different IP layer handoff. wherefore it is needed to apply some mechanisms which are able to adapt remedyd FHMIPv67 in holy order to attain uninterrupted internet connection during handoff for mobile routers with its nods in NEMO network 8. As an extension of NEMO BSP, in this search some NEMO found handoff synopsiss have been analyzed in terms of packet loss and handoff delay. This research merged as follows firstly, evaluates some mobility management schemes to achieve seamless handoff in NEMO network . then the detailed process of the propo sed schemes discussed.After that, the feat of the proposed scheme is evaluated via network simulator (NS-2).3. Research ProblemIn NEMO and when they are connected to the Internet through mobile or even laptops and during the move from one place to another process occurs disconnect this process its output practically at the point of contact with SMR within the network NEMO have changed any that HA was Mtaatsal with SMR in the network and moved ha to another area and want SMR in other network to communicate with ha and thus the transformation of the SMR to SMR Other.During the handoff process that leads to the loss of Internet connection and thus can not ha sending and receiving the packet data and this leads to a loss of packet data and delay during normal time.And wont to shows that proposed scheme outperforms the standard NEMO BSP in terms of packet loss (packet loss less than 6%)4. Literature ReviewThere are several extensions of NEMO Basic Support protocol (NEMO BSP) in order t o allow multihoming, nested mobile networking and the route optimization.The authors in paper 9, presents a young architecture and mechanism in order to optimize the routing mechanisms in nested mobile net kit and boodle for NEMO basic support and the performance analytic thinking of this fresh architecture is properly done for reducing the handoff latency. In accordance with the proposed mechanism, two types of Mobile Router (MR) are distinguished primarily. MRs which have direct access to the infrastructure via their egress interfaces, are denoted as TLMRs for Top level MRs. All others mobile routers in the nested mobile network are denoted as IMRs for Intermediate Mobile Routers. The proposed solution is achieved by adding functionality to the Mobile Nodes/ Mobile Routers (MN/MR) and Home Agents (HA). A bleak one- here and now bowl R is added to the Router Advertisement (RA) inwardnesss. This dramatics is regulate to 1 by MR and inform other nodes that they are connected to a mobile/ piteous network. As soon as a MR connects to a new point of attachment and receives a new CoA, it starts advertising a RA marrow in its mobile network after setting the field R to 1. When a new MR visits this mobile network and receives a RA with the field R set to 1, it behaves as an IMR as shown in Figure 1. With the intention of providing information about the CoA of Mobile Nodes, a new CoA option is added to binding ppdate messages. Indeed except the new CoA option field, there is no additional message or overhead in this scheme. By applying this mechanism it is possible to avoid any ingress filtering mechanism. to boot the home address of the BU message is added to the security policy, so that packets originated from this address can be forwarded. This solution minimizes the enrollment delay component of the overall handoff latency to some extent. However it is still an open issue for certain researchers.Fig1 Mobility management in nested mobile network 9In 10, explains an adaptive NEMO support protocol which formulates the use of the HMIPv6 and NEMO basic support protocols. Depending on the SMR in the adaptive NEMO support protocol, utilizes the adaptive BU strategy. This is the main feature differentiating a mobile network. When the SMR is low it is essential to decrease the number of BUs which is the main reason to use the adaptive BU whereas when the SMR is blue then the number of burrowing is reduced. By using the adaptive mechanism, it is shown that the adaptive NEMO support protocol is scalable and works sound for different mobile environments as well as improves the performance because of low SMR as well. Hence, this technique is most significant for the NEMO networks. However, further research need to reduce implementation overhead in order to SMR measurement with security concern.In 11, explains the measurement of the performance of NEMO in a NEMO tested with explored the handoff performance and routing overheads in NEMO netwo rk. In addition, this paper also explained the non- optimized handoff performance of NEMO is not appropriate for the sensitive applications, like voice-over-IP since handoff delays. The handoff delay in NEMO BSP is up to 2.75 s. Moreover, it is also shown that routing overheads in NEMO BSP makes the use of scarce wireless network resources inefficiently. Therefore, to overcome the shortcomings of NEMO BSP, they propose a new handover scheme Make-Before-Break (MBB) handoffs to use multiple interfaces simultaneously as well as expanded OptiNets RO scheme. The advantages of the MBB handoffs is that it makes possible to take the advantage of high-speed of mobile router but has short range radio technologies except cooperating the utility that it proposes to mobile network nodes (MNN). However, the possible limitation to use multiple interfaces in mobile devices, like an amplification in power consumption, interference originated by the usage of multiple interfaces with increasing size and cost. But these limitations are only applicable for the mobile host. It does not give the restriction of using multiple interfaces on MRs for the do not limit the use of multiple interfaces on MRs to the similar level. Extended OptiNets RO scheme has increase performance to remove the packet overhead in NEMO BSP. Therefore it can be said that MBB handoff scheme with the elongate OptiNets RO scheme improve the performance with highly sensitive application in terms of packet loss and delay.Moreover in 12, presents a modified fast-Integrated light-NEMO handoff scheme which combines the Modified profligate Integrated-Handover scheme and the Light- NEMO network mildew due to achieve a seamless handoff in nested mobile networks with analytical results. The advantages of this scheme are that it decrease the handoff delay as well as improve the service disruption time during the handoff. However, further betterment is needed to achieve seamless handoff completely by applying approp riate route optimization mechanism. In 13, presents a solution of route optimization based on multihoming mechanism in local anaesthetic mobility management fabric named as multihoming-LRO. The proposed scheme gives the solution for optimized route as well as supports fast handover. Here, Multiple local mobility anchors(LMAs) requests for mobile node(MN) connecting to it with replacing information to each other within same local mobility Domain (LMD). In multihoming-LRO, it is possible for mobile router (MR) to connect to outside with having multiple mobile routers. When central link is not commodity in quality then MR can attach to secondary LMA earlier than primary link is stoppedthrough identifying the main LMA and secondary LMA as well as setting two thresh of age(predicate) of link performance. If MR require then two links are able to provide concurrently to MR. when one link is not work well, then it is possible for MR to communicate with other node by the help of another l ink. Therefore, it is possible to improve robustness with providing self-recovery as well as smaller binding cache. Fast handover intra-LMD and inter-LMD can be performed slow through establishing new link before disconnecting old one. This scheme generates only one tunnel amongst the closest MR and its HA. Hence it can decrease the forward and reverse date path without modification with its HA again when MR moves inside LMD. As a result,signaling cost is reduced. Moreover, the control of nested-NEMOs topographic anatomy that is expeditiously altered will be improved through moving the mobility management function to posit node from mobile node. In this scheme, no need to add signal cost when topology of the meat nested-NEMO is modified with remaining MR in bone- network However, how to measuring links performance is still an active research area.5. Research ObjectivesEnhanced Macro Mobility Scheme In order to minimize handoff delay as much as possible in NEMO network, this pa per presents an enhanced Macro Mobility managementscheme in NEMO environment which can be identified as MM-NEMO scheme for further reduction of handoff delay. It is assumed that each stage has office Information Table (MIT) that stores information of all neighboring MRs and it is possible to share the information with the neighboring MAP in order to choose the New MR (NMR). Additionally, after receiving Router Advertisement (RA) message, each MAP (CMAP, NMAP) will update the MIT as well 14. The new LCoA and RCoA are created by CMAP in the place of the divine service MR (SMR) that shows that FBU message is not entailed for CMAP. Therefore, the FBU option is attached within the RtSolPr message as a replacement of the FBU message to perform handoff of the Serving MR with its Local Fixed Node (LFN) in order to accomplish the FBU in advance in NEMO environment. As a result, the CMAP can start fast handoff while it receives RtSolPr from the SMR after L2 triggering. In the proposed sche me no new messages are required to be defined as the improved FHMIPv6 7 is assumed to be integrated with mobile networks. Figure 2 illustrates the handoff operation of the proposed scheme and accordingly explained in details 15In the beginning, the SMR sends IRtSolPr message (with the I insect bite set as shown in Figure 3) to the CMAP through the CMR to allow the support of MM-NEMO. Since the I bit is set, then the CMAP will create a new LCoA and RCOA on behalf of the SMR. However, the SMR will follow NEMO BSP if I bit is not set.Once creating new LCoA, the CMAP sends the IPrRtAdv message to the SMR and also the handover Initiation (HI) message to the NMR which contains New LCOA (NLCOA). It can be seen that the SMR does not require to send the FBU to the CMAP. Rather it just needs to wait for the FLBAck message. The message format for IRtSolPr with FBU option is shown in Figure 3.Once the Handover Initiation (HI) message is sent to the NMR, the NMR executes Duplicate mouth Detect ion (DAD) mechanism to confirm whether the new NLCoA is unique or not.If the address is not duplicated, the NMR sends the mutilate message to the CMAP.After receiving the HAck message, the CMAP sends FLBAck message to the Serving MR to acknowledge the availability of the address. At the same time, Fast Local Binding Update (FLBU) is sent to NMAP that contains NRCoA for DAD operation to verify the SMRs new RCOA. Concurrently, bi-directional tunnel is established between CMAP and NMR (which starts to buffer the packets sent to the SMR).After verifying the NRCoA, NMAP sends the FLBAck message to the SMR and BU message to its HA and CN consequently. Then layer 2 launchs handoff procedure and layer 3 connections will be cut.SMR sends FNA message to NMR when it arrives at NMAP domain. Subsequently, NMR transmits the buffered packet to the SMR. The SMR sends the Local Binding Update (LBU) message to NMAP after getting buffered packets from NMR.Simulation Approach The simulation is carrie d out by the electronic network Simulator (NS2) 16 in order to determine the share of packet loss in the real scenarios. Packet loss has been used as performance prosody for proposed scheme. The parameters set in case of the simulated partof proposed scheme areIt is assumed, there are 4 SMRs and only 1 fixed Corresponding Node (CN), two Access Routers (e.g. NMR and CMR) which individually represent old connection (before handoff) and new connection (after handoff). The Serving MRs moving speed is set to 560 Km/hr.The coverage area of the ARs (CMR, NMR) has been set to 200 200 m2.Fig. 2 Handoff procedure of Proposed Macro Mobility scheme 15Fig. 3 FBU Option in Router Solicitation Proxy messagFig. 4 Packet loss of the enhanced macro mobility scheme6. ReferencesDevarapalli, V., R. Wakikawa, A. Petrescu and P. Thubert, 2005. Network Mobility (NEMO) basicsupport protocol, RFC 3963.Johnson, D.B., C.E. Parkins and J. Arkko, 2004. Mobility support in IPv6, RFC 3775.Perera, E., V. Sivaram an and A. Seneviratne, 2004. Survey on network mobility support, Mobile cypher and Communications Review.Soliman, H., C. Castelluccia, K. El Malki and L. Bellier, 2005. Hierarchical Mobile IPV6 Mobility Management (HMIPV6), RFC 4140, IETF.Koodli, R., et al., 2005. Fast Handover for Mobile IPV6, RFC 4068, IETF.Jung, H., et al., 2005. Fast Handover Support in Hierarchical Mobile IPV6, International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology.Chen-wen, W. and W. Ping, 2009. Improved Fast Handover scheme for Hierarchical Mobile IPv6, Proceedings of 4th International Conference on Computer Science and Education.Yoo, S., S. Choi and D. Su, 2009. outline of Fast Handover Mechanisms for Hierarchical MobileIPv6 Network Mobility, Wireless Pers Commun,48 215-238.Sabeur, M., B. Jouaber and D. Zeghlache, 2005. MR-proxy based solution for Nested Mobile Network Problems, WPMC, Aalborg, Denmark.Pack, S., T. Kwon, Y. Choi and E. Park, 2009. An adaptive Network mobility support protocol inhiera rchical mobile Ipv6 networks, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, at 1-1, 2009Petander, H., E. Perera, KC. Lan and A. Seneviratne, 2006. Measuring and up(p) the performance of network mobility management in ipv6 networks, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,24(9) 1671-1681Mohammed, B.A. and T. Wan, 2010. Modified Fast-Hua, L., L. Yuan-an and W. Qiu-tian, 2008. Fast handover and route optimization of multihoming based nested mobile networks, IEEE.Sheng, L., Y. Li Tsai, et al., 2010. An Efficient FastShayla Islam, A.H. Aisha-Hassan, M.K. Hasan,A.S. Rashid, O.O. Khalifa and O. Mahmoud, 2012.Macro Mobility Scheme in NEMO to supportSeamless Handoff, International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering 2012 (ICCCE2012), doi 10.1109/ICCCE.2012.6271186.Kong, R., 2008. The Simulation for Network Mobility based on NS2, In International Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering.